2007 News

As more ancient treasures are returned to Greece, it seems the British Museum is losing its hold on its most famous disputed antiquities

Six Greek Golden Age utensils have been unveiled in the idyllic confines of Athens' ancient agora, thanks to the largesse of their former owner, the late and great classical historian Martin Robertson.

After years of being beseeched by Greek officials to hand over the fifth-century BC wonders - objects that adorned the sitting room of his Cambridge home for years - the British scholar has finally met the demand from beyond the grave. As of today, the black glazed wine jars are back in the place where they were excavated, gleaming in a glass case in the museum beneath the Acropolis.

Thrilled Greek officials can hardly contain themselves. Robertson's gift is the eighth such repatriation of antiquities removed from Greece in the past year.

Most, including a piece of statuary sawn off from the Parthenon's northern frieze, have been returned with the excuse that they will be better housed "in context," in Athens' resplendent, new £94m Acropolis Museum. With international cultural policies radically altering attitudes towards contested antiquities, surely the time has come for the British Museum to finally relent on that most implacable of restitution dramas, the return of the Parthenon marbles?

After all, say campaigners, once the new Acropolis Museum is completed this summer, the moral pressure not to give them back will be irresistible. For the first time ever, Greece will have effectively destroyed the old claim that it is incapable of housing its Golden Age treasures. The new museum, whose great glass windows look up at the Parthenon, will be more eloquent than any number of legal to-dos over the rights or wrongs of London retaining the 88 fragments that once adorned the temple's monumental frieze.

That the British Museum is feeling the heat cannot be denied. Leaving aside the argument over whether Lord Elgin legally acquired the marbles in 1801, the argument that they are simply better off in London's Bloomsbury, divided and badly lit, is beginning to look absurd.

In this changing climate, the British Museum's refusal to even enter into negotiations with the Greek government also looks less than magnanimous. The Greeks have not only proposed that the British Museum open a branch in the new Acropolis Museum (effectively maintaining curatorship of the marbles) but have also offered a treasure trove of rotating exhibits in return. 
The Greeks are also willing to consider allowing free access to the sculptures just like at the British Museum.

Neil MacGregor, the British Museum's director, has taken the unprecedented, and long-overdue, decision to announce in an interview on Tuesday that, in theory, London could loan the marbles to Greece - if Athens ended its refusal "to acknowledge that the trustees are the owners of the objects."

It's a small step - and one that MacGregor himself accepts, means little. But in a saga where every utterance counts, it may well be the beginning of a dialogue that, one day, just might resolve Europe's longest cultural row.


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ATHENS, Greece: Greek and British officials will hold new talks in London next month on Greece's long-running bid to reclaim the Elgin Marbles from the British Museum, the government said Thursday.

The announcement came as the London museum indicated it could lift its refusal to let the 2,500-year-old marbles — also known as the Parthenon Sculptures — travel back to Athens, even as a loan.

Culture Minister George Voulgarakis said the May 4 meeting between culture ministry officials would be attended by museum representatives.

A ministry official said it would be the latest in a series of UNESCO-sponsored talks, held every two years, that have so far failed to resolve the world's most famous cultural heritage dispute.

On Tuesday, British Museum director Neil MacGregor said the marbles — which originally decorated the Parthenon temple in Athens — could "in principle" be lent to Greece, provided Athens renounced any claim to their ownership.

MacGregor told Bloomberg News that "there is no reason why any object in the British Museum — if it is fit to travel — shouldn't spend three months, six months, somewhere else."

"The difficulty at the moment ... is that the Greek government has formally, and recently, refused to acknowledge that the (museum) trustees are the owners of the objects," he said. "Therefore, in law, the trustees could not possibly lend them."

Voulgarakis said he read McGregor's comments "with great interest ... but this is not something official."

The Parthenon temple on the Acropolis was built in honor of Athena, goddess of wisdom and patron of the ancient city, between 447-432 B.C.

The London museum owns large sections of a 160-meter marble frieze, sculptured in relief, and 17 statues that originally decorated the upper part of the all-marble temple. These were removed in the early 19th century — when Greece was still part of the Ottoman empire — by British diplomat Lord Elgin.

Greece argues that the works were illegally removed and should be exhibited together in a new museum at the foot of the Acropolis hill, due to be completed this year.

The British Museum counters that the collection was legally acquired, properly looked after and is open to visitors free of charge.


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April 17 (Bloomberg) -- Is there the merest hint of movement in the world's most intractable restitution drama? That is, the issue of the Elgin -- or, if you prefer, Parthenon -- Marbles, which has flared up at intervals since Lord Elgin removed them from the Acropolis at Athens in the 19th century.

Neil MacGregor, director of the British Museum, appeared to open the door to compromise in an interview with Bloomberg News, but only by a fraction of an inch. In principle, would he and the trustees consider a request from Athens to borrow the marbles?

''There is no reason why any object in the BM -- if it is fit to travel -- shouldn't spend three months, six months somewhere else,'' he said. ''So, in principle, absolutely yes. The difficulty at the moment which would stand in the way of that is that the Greek government has formally, and recently, refused to acknowledge that the trustees are the owners of the objects. Therefore, in law the trustees could not possibly lend them.''

In addition, he said, ''the Greek government has never asked for a loan of the material from the British Museum. The issue has always been about the permanent removal of all the Parthenon material in the BM collection to Athens.''

Might that be the basis for some sort of compromise? Ownership, of course, is at the heart of the dispute. That question was raised as long ago as 1816, when Elgin sold the sculptures to the British government. His right of possession depends on interpretation of a letter of permission from an official of the Ottoman Empire, then ruling Greece.

Original Documents

The original document and the Ottoman regime both disappeared many years ago, and possession counts for a lot in law.

According to a legal opinion quoted by the historian William St. Clair in his book, ''Lord Elgin and the Marbles'' (1998), Elgin's actions were ''probably technically legal at the time,'' though threats and bribery may have played a part. Any attempt by the Greek government ''to try to recover the marbles in an international court would probably fail.''

It would be politically impossible for any Greek government to give way on this point because the marbles have become a symbol of Hellenic national identity. Professor Anthony Snodgrass, chair of the British Committee for the Reunification of the Parthenon Marbles, said: ''This offer is a theoretical one in every sense. Mr. MacGregor knows that no Greek government could ever make a formal concession that the BM has legal ownership.''

Log-Jam

On the other hand, the British Museum understandably fears that if it gave way in this case, it, and other major museums, would receive an avalanche of demands from around the world for the return of items acquired by fair, and less than fair, means in the colonial era.

So, stalemate? Maybe not. There was considerable speculation about a possible loan to coincide with the Athens Olympics in 2004. That came to nothing, partly because of the postponement of the opening of the new Acropolis Museum, which is now years behind schedule after a log-jam of legal disputes about home demolitions, completion of archaeological digs and cost over-runs.

That gleaming institution is set for completion this summer and inauguration in the autumn. Meanwhile, the British Museum is becoming more and more enthusiastic about temporary exhibitions. A blockbuster, the Terracotta Army, opens in September. Brand new, much larger exhibition galleries are scheduled for 2012.

Spectacular Show

There is scope for a spectacular and -- from the scholarly point of view -- exciting exhibition about the Parthenon sculptures. It is often assumed that all of them are in London. Actually, Elgin only extracted about half from the temple.

Most or the rest are still in Athens, with a couple of panels in the Louvre and fragments scattered all over the place. In some cases, fragments of the same figure are on opposite side of Europe. The celebrated frieze is split in two.

If you could put it all back together, you'd have the blockbuster to end all blockbusters. Setting the question of ownership aside, that's a prospect to entice any museum director.

Perhaps we should admit that the dispute about ownership is unresolvable. In the diplomatic world, the only way forward in such difficult cases is to find a formula that each side can accept. Is there one here? ''The very most that might be negotiable,'' Snodgrass said, ''would be an agreement by the Greek government that the marbles were legally acquired from Lord Elgin by Parliament, for the Museum.''

Is that enough? The reward for an agreement -- especially for the art-loving public of the world -- would be enormous.

(Martin Gayford is a critic for Bloomberg News. The opinions expressed are his own.)

To contact the writer of this review: Martin Gayford at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. .

Last Updated: April 17, 2007 01:33 EDT


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A plaque placed in front of the Parthenon, the pre-eminent Classical-era temple atop the Acropolis, commemorates the fact that the Acropolis was declared as the top European Cultural Heritage monument on Monday, March 26, 2007

Acropolis proclaimed top European Cultural Heritage Monument
The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments during a special ceremony atop the celebrated hill in the heart of Athens on Monday, in the presence of Greek President Karolos Papoulias and Athens Mayor Nikitas Kaklamanis.

Culture Minister George Voulgarakis and his French counterpart Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres also unveiled a plaque bearing the special distinction.

"The Acropolis represents the civilisation shared by all people," Voulgarakis said, adding that the monument also preserves collective memory.

Referring to the return of the Parthenon Marbles, he stressed that it is up to the British government to correct a "historical error" and restore the harmony of one of the greatest monuments of humanity.

On his part, de Vabres, a moving force behind the initiative, stressed that "this is the birthplace of the European civilisation", referring to the Acropolis and the surrounding archaeological sites.

Earlier, the two culture ministers signed a memorandum of cooperation between Greek and French museums to combat the illicit trade in antiquities and illegal excavations.


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Session 06-07

Early Day Motion

EDM 1140

RESTITUTION OF THE PARTHENON MARBLES 14.03.2007

George, Andrew 34 signatures
Anderson, David Breed, Colin Campbell, Ronnie
Caton, Martin Clapham, Michael Corbyn, Jeremy
Cryer, Ann Davies, Dai Dismore, Andrew
Efford, Clive Etherington, Bill Flynn, Paul
Gibson, Ian Hancock, Mike Hopkins, Kelvin
Illsley, Eric Jones, Lynne Laws, David
Leech, John Lepper, David Llwyd, Elfyn
MacNeil, Angus McCafferty, Chris Meale, Alan
O'Hara, Edward Prentice, Gordon Price, Adam
Sanders, Adrian Simpson, Alan Vis, Rudi
Williams, Hywel Williams, Mark Wyatt, Derek

That this House is pleased to acknowledge the planned opening, later this year, of the New Acropolis Museum in Athens, which clearly demonstrates the capacity of the Greek authorities to receive and satisfactorily install those marbles from the Parthenon which were, in the past, removed in previous periods, including the so-called Elgin Marbles; notes that the principles of the restitution of museum items is now well established, which includes the British Museum's return of Aboriginal remains to Australia under the Human Tissue Act and a number of fragments from the Parthenon and the Acropolis to Greece from collections in Germany, Sweden and elsewhere; believes that the opening of the New Acropolis Museum will give the British Museum a golden opportunity to demonstrate its goodwill towards the project; and calls on the Government to work with the British Museum to open negotiations with the Greek authorities to arrange for the proper restitution of the Parthenon Marbles to Athens.


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